These walls were a long time abuilding and today are superbly maintained and make for a pleasant walk. These replaced previous defenses and were built and rebuilt from the 11th to the 14th centuries as the city expanded. The Turk threat starting in the 15th century gave Dubrovnik, like much of southern Europe, a strong incentive to further fortify their defense, especially on the land side. Work continued into the second half of the 17th century. Here we climb towards the most significant land defense, the Minčeta Tower. Note in the background we see a lower wall -- it's separate from the original wall and is meant to take the hit of an artillery attack while keeping the tower defenses intact. It's known as a scarp wall.
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